پایان نامه رشته زبان انگلیسی:تأثیر ارایه ی چکیده به عنوان یک فعالیت پیش خوانی بر توانایی درک مطلب دانش آموزان سطح متوسط ایرانی |
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It was found that after implementation of summary giving as a pre-reading activity the subjects of the experimental group performed better in the post-test. When compared the results of the 2 groups, it was found that the group receiving summary before passage outperformed their counterpart who experienced reading without any preparation.
Also it was found that gender has not any notable effect on reading comprehension ability.
Key words:
Summary giving, pre-reading activity, EFL students, reading comprehension ability, schema.
Table of Content
Subject Page
Chapter One: Introduction ….…………………………………………….…………… 1
1.0. Introduction …………………………………….…………………….…….….….… 1
1.1. Theoretical Framework …..………………………..……………….…….……….… 3
1.2. Statement of the Problem …………………………………………….….………..… 6
1.3. Significance of the Study ……………………………………………..…………..… 7
1.4. Purpose of the Study ………………………………….……..…………..……….…. 9
1.5. Research Questions …….…………………….………………………………….… 10
1.6. Hypotheses of the Study ……………….………………………………….…….…. 10
1.7. Definitions of Key terms ………………….………………………………….…….. 10
Chapter Two: Review of Literature ….…………………………………….………… 12
2.0. Introduction …………………………………………….…………..………….…… 12
2.1. Review of Theoretical Literature ……………………………………….………..… 13
2.1.1. The Definition of Reading ………………………………………….………… 13
2.1.2. Successful Readers ………………………………………………..….……….. 15
2.1.3. Purpose of Reading …………………..………………………….……………. 17
2.1.4. Reading Comprehension ……………………………………….…………..…. 21
It was found that after implementation of summary giving as a pre-reading activity the subjects of the experimental group performed better in the post-test. When compared the results of the 2 groups, it was found that the group receiving summary before passage outperformed their counterpart who experienced reading without any preparation.
Also it was found that gender has not any notable effect on reading comprehension ability.
Key words:
Summary giving, pre-reading activity, EFL students, reading comprehension ability, schema.
Table of Content
Subject Page
Chapter One: Introduction ….…………………………………………….…………… 1
1.0. Introduction …………………………………….…………………….…….….….… 1
1.1. Theoretical Framework …..………………………..……………….…….……….… 3
1.2. Statement of the Problem …………………………………………….….………..… 6
1.3. Significance of the Study ……………………………………………..…………..… 7
1.4. Purpose of the Study ………………………………….……..…………..……….…. 9
1.5. Research Questions …….…………………….………………………………….… 10
1.6. Hypotheses of the Study ……………….………………………………….…….…. 10
1.7. Definitions of Key terms ………………….………………………………….…….. 10
Chapter Two: Review of Literature ….…………………………………….………… 12
2.0. Introduction …………………………………………….…………..………….…… 12
2.1. Review of Theoretical Literature ……………………………………….………..… 13
2.1.1. The Definition of Reading ………………………………………….………… 13
2.1.2. Successful Readers ………………………………………………..….……….. 15
2.1.3. Purpose of Reading …………………..………………………….……………. 17
2.1.4. Reading Comprehension ……………………………………….…………..…. 21
2.1.5. Reading Strategies ………………………………….…………….…………… 26
2.1.6. Pre-reading Activities ………………………………………………….……… 33
2.1.7. Schema Theory …………………………………….………………..………… 44
2.1.7.1. Formal Schema ………….………….………..………………..………….. 50
2.1.7.2. Content Schema …………………….….……………………….…….….. 51
2.1.7.3. Cultural Schema …………………….…….…..……………….…….….. 54
2.2. Review of Practical Literature ……………..……………………………….……… 61
2.3 Summary ………………………………….………………………………..………. 71
Chapter Three: Methodology ……………………………………………….………… 72
3.0. Introduction ………………………………………..………………….…………… 72
3.1. The Design of the Study ……………….……..…..……….……………………..… 72
3.2. Selection of the Sample ………………………………………………………..….. 73
3.3. The Instrumentation of the Study ……………………………………………..……. 74
3.4. Procedure …………………………………..……………………………….……… 75
3.5. Methods of Analyzing Data …………………………………………………..…… 76
Chapter Four: Data Analysis …………..………………………….…………………. 77
4.0. Introduction …………………………………………………………..…………… 77
4.1. Data Analysis and Findings ……………………………………….…………..…… 77
4.2. Results of the Hypotheses Testing ……………………………………………..….. 83
4.2.1. Hypothesis One ……………………………..………………………………… 83
4.2.2. Hypothesis Two ……………………………………………………..………… 84
4.3. Summary ………………………………………..……………………….………… 84
Chapter Five: Discussion and Implication ……………………………….………….. 85
5.0. Introduction ……………………………………………………………….………… 85
5.1. General Discussion …………………………….…………………….………..…… 85
5.2. Implications of the Study …………………….…………………….………….…… 86
5.3. Limitations of the Study ……………..….……………………………….………… 88
5.4. Suggestions for Further Study ……………….………………………….…..……… 88
Appendices ………….………………..…………………………………………….…. 90
Appendix A: Proficiency Test (Oxford Placement Test) ………………………………. 90
Appendix B: Reading Comprehension Pre-test ………………………………….…..… 95
Appendix C: Reading Comprehension Post-test ………………………………………… 99
References …………………………….……………………………………………… 104
List of Figures
Subject page
Figure 1: Reading processes that are activated while reading ………………..……..….. 22
Figure 2: Three Reading Comprehension Processes ……………………………..…..…. 25
Figure 3: Ajideh’s Model of Reading Approaches …………………………………….. 26
Figure 4: Classification of Strategies …………………………………………….…..…. 27
Figure 5: K-W-L Chart …………………………………………………………………. 43
Figure 6: Schema Types ………………………………………………………….…….. 54
Figure 7: The Design of the Study …….…………………………………..…………… 73
Figure 8: Selection of the Sample …………………………………………………..…. 74
Figure 9: The Linear Relationship between Pre-test and Post-test …………………..… 80
List of Tables
Subject Page
Table 0: Learning Strategies …………………………………………………..……….. 30
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics for the Proficiency Test ………………………………… 78
Table 2: Number of Students Participated in Pre-test and Post-test Case ……………… 78
Table 3: Descriptive Statistics for the Pre-test and Post-test …..………………….…… 79
Table 4: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error ………………………………………….…. 81
Table 5: Test of between – subjects’ effects ……………………..…………………..… 81
Table 6: Mean of reading Comprehension Ability …………….….……………………. 82
Table 7: Sum of Analysis of Covariance Source- Type III Sum of Squares ……….…… 82
Table 8: Independent t-test for male and female performance in reading ……………… 83
List of Abbreviations
ANalysis of COVAriance ……………………………………………………… ANCOVA
Degree of Freedom ………………………………………………………………..….. DF
English as a Foreign Language …………………………………………………..….. EFL
English as a Second Language …………………………………………………..….. ESL
English Language Learners ….…………………………………………………..….. ELL
F-test distribution ………….……………………………………………………..……… F
Know-Want to know-Learned ……………………………………………….……. K-W-L
Language Experience Approach ……………………………………………………… LEA
Mean ………………………………………………………………………………..…. M
Number (of Participants) ………………………………………………………….…… N
Oxford Placement Test …………………………………………………………..….. OPT
Significance ………………………………………………………………….….….… Sig
Standard Deviation ……………………………………………………………………. SD
Standard Error …………………………………………………………………..….…. SE
Teaching English as a Foreign Language ……………………………………..……. TEFL
Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages …………………………..….. TESOL
Test Of English as a Foreign Language …………………………………………… TOEFL
Chapter One: Introduction
1.0. Introduction
2.1.5. Reading Strategies ………………………………….…………….…………… 26
2.1.6. Pre-reading Activities ………………………………………………….……… 33
2.1.7. Schema Theory …………………………………….………………..………… 44
2.1.7.1. Formal Schema ………….………….………..………………..………….. 50
2.1.7.2. Content Schema …………………….….……………………….…….….. 51
2.1.7.3. Cultural Schema …………………….…….…..……………….…….….. 54
2.2. Review of Practical Literature ……………..……………………………….……… 61
2.3 Summary ………………………………….………………………………..………. 71
Chapter Three: Methodology ……………………………………………….………… 72
3.0. Introduction ………………………………………..………………….…………… 72
3.1. The Design of the Study ……………….……..…..……….……………………..… 72
3.2. Selection of the Sample ………………………………………………………..….. 73
3.3. The Instrumentation of the Study ……………………………………………..……. 74
3.4. Procedure …………………………………..……………………………….……… 75
3.5. Methods of Analyzing Data …………………………………………………..…… 76
Chapter Four: Data Analysis …………..………………………….…………………. 77
4.0. Introduction …………………………………………………………..…………… 77
4.1. Data Analysis and Findings ……………………………………….…………..…… 77
4.2. Results of the Hypotheses Testing ……………………………………………..….. 83
4.2.1. Hypothesis One ……………………………..………………………………… 83
4.2.2. Hypothesis Two ……………………………………………………..………… 84
4.3. Summary ………………………………………..……………………….………… 84
Chapter Five: Discussion and Implication ……………………………….………….. 85
5.0. Introduction ……………………………………………………………….………… 85
5.1. General Discussion …………………………….…………………….………..…… 85
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5.2. Implications of the Study …………………….…………………….………….…… 86
5.3. Limitations of the Study ……………..….……………………………….………… 88
5.4. Suggestions for Further Study ……………….………………………….…..……… 88
Appendices ………….………………..…………………………………………….…. 90
Appendix A: Proficiency Test (Oxford Placement Test) ………………………………. 90
Appendix B: Reading Comprehension Pre-test ………………………………….…..… 95
Appendix C: Reading Comprehension Post-test ………………………………………… 99
References …………………………….……………………………………………… 104
List of Figures
Subject page
Figure 1: Reading processes that are activated while reading ………………..……..….. 22
Figure 2: Three Reading Comprehension Processes ……………………………..…..…. 25
Figure 3: Ajideh’s Model of Reading Approaches …………………………………….. 26
Figure 4: Classification of Strategies …………………………………………….…..…. 27
Figure 5: K-W-L Chart …………………………………………………………………. 43
Figure 6: Schema Types ………………………………………………………….…….. 54
Figure 7: The Design of the Study …….…………………………………..…………… 73
Figure 8: Selection of the Sample …………………………………………………..…. 74
Figure 9: The Linear Relationship between Pre-test and Post-test …………………..… 80
List of Tables
Subject Page
Table 0: Learning Strategies …………………………………………………..……….. 30
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics for the Proficiency Test ………………………………… 78
Table 2: Number of Students Participated in Pre-test and Post-test Case ……………… 78
Table 3: Descriptive Statistics for the Pre-test and Post-test …..………………….…… 79
Table 4: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error ………………………………………….…. 81
Table 5: Test of between – subjects’ effects ……………………..…………………..… 81
Table 6: Mean of reading Comprehension Ability …………….….……………………. 82
Table 7: Sum of Analysis of Covariance Source- Type III Sum of Squares ……….…… 82
Table 8: Independent t-test for male and female performance in reading ……………… 83
List of Abbreviations
ANalysis of COVAriance ……………………………………………………… ANCOVA
Degree of Freedom ………………………………………………………………..….. DF
English as a Foreign Language …………………………………………………..….. EFL
English as a Second Language …………………………………………………..….. ESL
English Language Learners ….…………………………………………………..….. ELL
F-test distribution ………….……………………………………………………..……… F
Know-Want to know-Learned ……………………………………………….……. K-W-L
Language Experience Approach ……………………………………………………… LEA
Mean ………………………………………………………………………………..…. M
Number (of Participants) ………………………………………………………….…… N
Oxford Placement Test …………………………………………………………..….. OPT
Significance ………………………………………………………………….….….… Sig
Standard Deviation ……………………………………………………………………. SD
Standard Error …………………………………………………………………..….…. SE
Teaching English as a Foreign Language ……………………………………..……. TEFL
Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages …………………………..….. TESOL
Test Of English as a Foreign Language …………………………………………… TOEFL
Chapter One: Introduction
1.0. Introduction
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