widely adopted approaches to handle this rather complicated
situation are time-hardening and strain-hardening
rules@71. In general, predictions based on these two
approaches are quite different, and a choice between
them should depend on the comparison of their predictions
with experimental data.
Another key element is initial imperfections which, on
many occasions, are directly resulted from the unavoidable
inaccuracy of manufacturing process. It has been
shown that initial imperfections have a great impact on
reducing buckling pressures of spherical shells in both
static and dynamic responses[8-IO]. As to their influence
in the creep buckling analysis, there has been an indication
that the collapse time of cylindrical shells is

very much affected by the imperfection

magnitude [ 11,121.
In an earlier creep buckling analysis of shallow
tThe research reported on here was supported by the Office of

Naval Research, Contract Number NAVY 00014-75-C-0946.

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spherical shells[2], a huge discrepancy was found between
theoretical predictions and experimental results on

time in such analyses is usually defined in terms of infinite deformations or infinite deformation
rates. Comprehensive reviews of these studies are given by Hoffll, 21 and
Kurshin[3].
In recent years an increasing interest has been attracted by applications of the classical

bifurcation theory to the creep-stability research. In particular, creep stability of cylindrical

shells is treated in many publications[4-81 as an instantaneous process which involves
time-dependent constitutive terms and is characterized as branching into a different
equilibrium configuration. Respectively, the critical time is associated with the instant at
which bifurcation first becomes possible. The results from these studies depend upon the
basic assumptions as to the creep properties of the structure.
The present paper is concerned with the stability analysis of circular cylindrical shells

whose material properties are defined by the constitutive equations of the linear viscoelastic

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theory. Using the concept of bifurcation the exact linear eigenvalue problem is
formulated in terms of two destabilizing parameters: the compressive load and time. The
problem is treated by means of the quasi-elastic solution technique which utilizes the
concept of a time-dependent elastic material as a model of the actual viscoelastic response.

occupancy rates of hotels in Malaysia have fluctuated between 2005 and 2012
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/1757-9880.htm
Received 8 January 2013
Revised 14 April 2013

Accepted 19 June 2013

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism
Technology
Vol. 4 No. 3, 2013
pp. 228-247
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1757-9880

DOI 10.1108/JHTT-01-2013-0002

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JHTT
4,3
228
(Malaysia Tourism, 2012). This also indicates that hotel performance in Malaysia needs

Christensen, Kasper Hansen, Johannes Raaballe, an anonymous referee, and workshop
participants at the 2004 European Accounting Association Conference and the University of
Aarhus.
IJMF
4,1

4

International Journal of Managerial
Finance
Vol. 4 No. 1, 2008
pp. 4-36
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1743-9132

DOI 10.1108/17439130810837366

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since there are several aspects where it is likely that small and large stock markets
differ with respect to their information environment.With regard to pre-announcement
information it can be argued that the smaller size leads to a less developed market with
less investor sophistication and therefore less pre-announcement information. On the
other hand, one could argue that the smaller size leads to a more transparent market

تعداد صفحه : 18
تکه هایی از متن ترجمه فارسی به عنوان نمونه :
عنوان : تکامل بازیابی ، به صورت مفهومی
چکیده

در این فصل به بررسی توسعه روش بازیابی نرم افزار متحمل خطا و کارهای بعدی بر اساس این رویکرد پرداخته ایم. این را با یک بررسی ازتوسعه و پیاده سازی طرح بلوک 

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بهبود اساسی در سال 1970که