Abstract ………………………………………………………………….…………….…VIII CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Overview……………………………………………………………………………….1 Rationale and Background…..……………………………………..………………….1 1-2-1. Foreign Language Learning Strategies..……………………………………………1 1-2-2. Learning Strategies and Learning Skills………….….………….…………….…..2 1-2-3. Learning Strategies and Reading Comprehension…..…………………..…………3 1-2-3-1. Visual Reading vs. Reading Comprehension………………………………5 1-2-4. Semantic Mapping and Reading Comprehension……….…………….… ……….6 1-2-4-1. The Effectiveness of Semantic Maps………..……………………………8 1-2-4-2. Problems of Implementation. ……………….……………………..…….12 Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………..……..13 Purpose of Study…………………………………………………………….……….14 The Significance of the Study……………………………………………………..…15 Research Questions………………………………………………………………..…16 Research Hypotheses……………………………………….……………………..….16 Definition of Key Words……………………………………………………………..17 1-8-1. Semantic Map……………………………………………………………………17 1-8-1-1. Characteristics of Semantic Maps………….……………………………20 1-8-1-2. Constructing semantic Maps……………………..………………………22 1-8-1-3. Steps of Semantic Mapping……………………………………………..24 1-8-1-4. Types of Semantic Mapping…………………………………………….24 1-8-2. Reading Comprehension……………………………………….……………….. 32 1-8-2-1. Decoding………………………………………………..………….……..33 1-8-2-2. Vocabulary…………………………………..…………….……….……..34 1-8-2-3. World Knowledge………………………..…….…………………….…..34 1-8-2-4. Active Comprehension Strategies…………..……………………………35 Limitations of the Study…………………………………………..………………….36 CHAPTERTWO: REVIW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE 2-1. Introduction………………………………………………..…………………………….37 2-2. Theories Relating to Semantic Maps…………………………………………………….37 2-3. Theoretical Section………………………………………………….……………….….39 2-4. Practical Section…………………………………………………………..…………..…42 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3-1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………55 3-2. Participants…………………………………………………………………………….…55 3-3. Instrumentation…………………………………………………………………….…….56 3-4. Procedures…………………………………………………………………………..……58 3-4-1. Procedures of Developing a Semantic Map……………………………………..58 3-4-2. Procedures of a Semantic Mapping Activity…..……………………….……….61 3-4-2-1. Introducing the Topic………………………..…………………………….61 3-4-2-2. Brainstorming…………………………………….……………………….61 3-4-2-3. Categorization…………………………………………………………….62 3-4-2-4. Personalizing the Map……………………………………………………63 3-4-2-5. Post-assignment Synthesis……………….……..…………………….….63 3-4-3. Procedures of Reading Tests………………………….……………………….…64 3-5. Design……………………………………………………………………………………66 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 4-1. Introduction………………………………………..………………………………….…67 4-2. Validity and Reliability of the Study………………………………………..…………..68 4-2-1. Validity of the Pre-test and Post-test……………………………..…….…………68 4-2-2. Validity of the Semantic Maps……………………………..…………….…..…..68 4-3. Reliability of the Tests…………………………………………….………………….…69 4-4. The Conditions of the Research Variables………………….…………………….……..70 4-4-1. Pre-test and Post-test Variable Scores in Experimental Group……..…..………..70 4-4-2. Pre-test and Post-test Variable Scores in Control Group………..….…..…………73 4-5. Consideration of Research Hypotheses……………………………….…………….…..75 4-5-1. First Hypothesis……………………………………………………………………75 4-5-2. Second Hypothesis……………………………..…………………………………78 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION 5-1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………81 5-2. Summery…………………………………………………………………………………81 5-3. Discussion of Findings………………………………………..……………………..…..82 5-4. Pedagogical Implications…………………………………………………………….….84 5-5. Suggestions for Further Study…………………………………………….……….……86 References…………………………………………………………….……………………..88 Appendixes………………………..………………………………..……………………..…96 Appendix A: Reading Comprehension Test as Pre-test……………….…………………..…96 Appendix B: Reading Comprehension Test as Post-test………………………..….……….98 Appendix C: Reading Comprehension Lesson 1 and the Related Semantic map..…………100 Appendix D: Reading Comprehension Lesson 2 and the Related Semantic map………..…102 Appendix E: Reading Comprehension Lesson 3 and the Related Semantic map…….…….104 Appendix F: Reading Comprehension Lesson 4 and the Related Semantic map…….…….106 Appendix G: Reading Comprehension Lesson 5 and the Related Semantic map……….….108 Appendix H: Reading Comprehension Lesson 6 and the Related Semantic map…….…….110 Appendix I: Reading Comprehension Lesson 7 and the Related Semantic map……….…..112 Appendix J: Reading Comprehension Lesson 8 and the Related Semantic map………..….114 List of Tables Table 4.1: The correlation of test-retest…………………………………….…………….…69 Table 4.2: Pre-test and post-test statistics in experimental group………………..………….71 Table 4.3: Pre-test and post-test statistics in control group……………………………….….73 Table 4.4: T-test statistics for comparison between mean scores of experimental and control groups in post-test………………………………….…………………………………….…..76 Table 4.5: The comparison between the pre-test and the post-test in experimental group…………………………….……………………………………………………………77 Table 4.6: The post-test statistics for three subgroups: A, B and C………………….………79 List of Graphs Graph 4.1: Pre-test descriptive statistics in experimental group…………………..………..72 Graph 4.2: Post-test descriptive statistics in experimental group……………………………72 Graph 4.3: Pre-test descriptive statistics in control group…………………………………..74 Graph 4.4: Post-test descriptive statistics in control group………………………………….74 Graph 4.5: The comparison of the post-test scores distributed in experimental and control group………………………………………………………………………………………….76 Graph 4.6: Statistics of sub-groups A, B and C in the post-test……………………………..80 Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of semantic mapping strategies on reading comprehension of learners in intermediate level and also to determine the most effective strategy type among: teacher-initiated, student-mediated and teacher-student interactive strategies. Some 60 female participants in high school participated in the study. Two valid reading comprehension tests were used in this study as pre-test and post-test. To investigate the effect of semantic mapping strategies a treatment after the pre-test and before the post-test was conducted in order to teach semantic mapping strategies to learners. To analyze the recorded data, Sample T-test was used. To determine the best strategy among the three considered kinds, factor analysis was conducted. The final analysis showed that using semantic mapping strategies before, during or after reading texts increased the comprehension of the learners and among the three kinds of semantic mapping strategies in this study; teacher-initiated, student-mediated and teacher-student interactive kind; the latter is the most effective one. Keywords: Semantic mapping strategies, Reading comprehension CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Abstract ………………………………………………………………….…………….…VIII CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Overview……………………………………………………………………………….1 Rationale and Background…..……………………………………..………………….1 1-2-1. Foreign Language Learning Strategies..……………………………………………1 1-2-2. Learning Strategies and Learning Skills………….….………….…………….…..2 1-2-3. Learning Strategies and Reading Comprehension…..…………………..…………3 1-2-3-1. Visual Reading vs. Reading Comprehension………………………………5 1-2-4. Semantic Mapping and Reading Comprehension……….…………….… ……….6 1-2-4-1. The Effectiveness of Semantic Maps………..……………………………8 1-2-4-2. Problems of Implementation. ……………….……………………..…….12 Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………..……..13 Purpose of Study…………………………………………………………….……….14 The Significance of the Study……………………………………………………..…15 Research Questions………………………………………………………………..…16 Research Hypotheses……………………………………….……………………..….16 Definition of Key Words……………………………………………………………..17 1-8-1. Semantic Map……………………………………………………………………17 1-8-1-1. Characteristics of Semantic Maps………….……………………………20 1-8-1-2. Constructing semantic Maps……………………..………………………22 1-8-1-3. Steps of Semantic Mapping……………………………………………..24 1-8-1-4. Types of Semantic Mapping…………………………………………….24 1-8-2. Reading Comprehension……………………………………….……………….. 32 1-8-2-1. Decoding………………………………………………..………….……..33 1-8-2-2. Vocabulary…………………………………..…………….……….……..34 1-8-2-3. World Knowledge………………………..…….…………………….…..34 1-8-2-4. Active Comprehension Strategies…………..……………………………35 Limitations of the Study…………………………………………..………………….36 CHAPTERTWO: REVIW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE 2-1. Introduction………………………………………………..…………………………….37 2-2. Theories Relating to Semantic Maps…………………………………………………….37 2-3. Theoretical Section………………………………………………….……………….….39 2-4. Practical Section…………………………………………………………..…………..…42 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3-1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………55 3-2. Participants…………………………………………………………………………….…55 3-3. Instrumentation…………………………………………………………………….…….56 3-4. Procedures…………………………………………………………………………..……58 3-4-1. Procedures of Developing a Semantic Map……………………………………..58 3-4-2. Procedures of a Semantic Mapping Activity…..……………………….……….61 3-4-2-1. Introducing the Topic………………………..…………………………….61 3-4-2-2. Brainstorming…………………………………….……………………….61 3-4-2-3. Categorization…………………………………………………………….62 3-4-2-4. Personalizing the Map……………………………………………………63 3-4-2-5. Post-assignment Synthesis……………….……..…………………….….63 3-4-3. Procedures of Reading Tests………………………….……………………….…64 3-5. Design……………………………………………………………………………………66 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 4-1. Introduction………………………………………..………………………………….…67 4-2. Validity and Reliability of the Study………………………………………..…………..68 4-2-1. Validity of the Pre-test and Post-test……………………………..…….…………68 4-2-2. Validity of the Semantic Maps……………………………..…………….…..…..68 4-3. Reliability of the Tests…………………………………………….………………….…69 4-4. The Conditions of the Research Variables………………….…………………….……..70 4-4-1. Pre-test and Post-test Variable Scores in Experimental Group……..…..………..70 4-4-2. Pre-test and Post-test Variable Scores in Control Group………..….…..…………73 4-5. Consideration of Research Hypotheses……………………………….…………….…..75 4-5-1. First Hypothesis……………………………………………………………………75 4-5-2. Second Hypothesis……………………………..…………………………………78 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION 5-1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………81 5-2. Summery…………………………………………………………………………………81 5-3. Discussion of Findings………………………………………..……………………..…..82 5-4. Pedagogical Implications…………………………………………………………….….84 5-5. Suggestions for Further Study…………………………………………….……….……86 References…………………………………………………………….……………………..88 Appendixes………………………..………………………………..……………………..…96 Appendix A: Reading Comprehension Test as Pre-test……………….…………………..…96 Appendix B: Reading Comprehension Test as Post-test………………………..….……….98 Appendix C: Reading Comprehension Lesson 1 and the Related Semantic map..…………100 Appendix D: Reading Comprehension Lesson 2 and the Related Semantic map………..…102 Appendix E: Reading Comprehension Lesson 3 and the Related Semantic map…….…….104 Appendix F: Reading Comprehension Lesson 4 and the Related Semantic map…….…….106 Appendix G: Reading Comprehension Lesson 5 and the Related Semantic map……….….108 Appendix H: Reading Comprehension Lesson 6 and the Related Semantic map…….…….110 Appendix I: Reading Comprehension Lesson 7 and the Related Semantic map……….…..112 Appendix J: Reading Comprehension Lesson 8 and the Related Semantic map………..….114 List of Tables Table 4.1: The correlation of test-retest…………………………………….…………….…69 Table 4.2: Pre-test and post-test statistics in experimental group………………..………….71 Table 4.3: Pre-test and post-test statistics in control group……………………………….….73 Table 4.4: T-test statistics for comparison between mean scores of experimental and control groups in post-test………………………………….…………………………………….…..76 Table 4.5: The comparison between the pre-test and the post-test in experimental group…………………………….……………………………………………………………77 Table 4.6: The post-test statistics for three subgroups: A, B and C………………….………79 List of Graphs Graph 4.1: Pre-test descriptive statistics in experimental group…………………..………..72 Graph 4.2: Post-test descriptive statistics in experimental group……………………………72 Graph 4.3: Pre-test descriptive statistics in control group…………………………………..74 Graph 4.4: Post-test descriptive statistics in control group………………………………….74 Graph 4.5: The comparison of the post-test scores distributed in experimental and control group………………………………………………………………………………………….76 Graph 4.6: Statistics of sub-groups A, B and C in the post-test……………………………..80 Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of semantic mapping strategies on reading comprehension of این مطلب را هم بخوانید : این مطلب را هم بخوانید : learners in intermediate level and also to determine the most effective strategy type among: teacher-initiated, student-mediated and teacher-student interactive strategies. Some 60 female participants in high school participated in the study. Two valid reading comprehension tests were used in this study as pre-test and post-test. To investigate the effect of semantic mapping strategies a treatment after the pre-test and before the post-test was conducted in order to teach semantic mapping strategies to learners. To analyze the recorded data, Sample T-test was used. To determine the best strategy among the three considered kinds, factor analysis was conducted. The final analysis showed that using semantic mapping strategies before, during or after reading texts increased the comprehension of the learners and among the three kinds of semantic mapping strategies in this study; teacher-initiated, student-mediated and teacher-student interactive kind; the latter is the most effective one. Keywords: Semantic mapping strategies, Reading comprehension CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Overview Overview